![]() Improvements can be made to CRM by drawing on the strengths of both individualistic and collectivisic cultures. In the United States, however, where flexibility is emphasized, pilots may not be as accepting of CRM culture. Standard operating procedures are more easily accepted in high uncertainty avoidance cultures, such as Greece, Switzerland, Korea, and some Latin American cultures. ![]() This is likely due to differences in uncertainty avoidance, or "the need for rule-governed behavior and clearly defined procedures". Other impacts of culture in airline safety Īlthough crew resource management (CRM) can improve safety in the aviation industry, it is not widely accepted across all cultures. Germany's privacy laws usually inhibit a physician from disclosing a patient's medical history to a third party, as was the case with Lubitz, who never disclosed his mental health issues with his employer Lufthansa (who owned Germanwings). Commentators noted cultural factors that indirectly lead to the crash, including Germany's strong protection of privacy and the perception that German regulations could do no wrong. In 2015, Germanwings Flight 9525 was crashed intentionally into the French Alps by first officer Andreas Lubitz after the captain left the cockpit for a bathroom break the captain was then locked out. Past incidents Tenerife disaster Wreckage of Tenerife airport disaster ![]() In Western society, the power-distance is lower in general "making decisions, implementing them, and taking responsibility for their consequences" is part of their life, making personal decisions easier to make. In a more collectivist society like Taiwan, a possible explanation for this might be that personal decision-making skills are not as developed. Low power-distance and high individualism in Western culture may have contributed to a better safety record than in Taiwan and India. Western cultures are individualistic and have a low power distance, whereas most Asian and Latin cultures are on the other side of the spectrum. Geert Hofstede classified national cultures into six dimensions, two of which can be applied to the flight deck: power distance, which defines the "nature of relations between subordinates and superiors", or "how often subordinates are afraid to express disagreement" and whether the culture is collectivist or individualist in nature. The crashes have been blamed on aspects of the national cultures of the crews. The crash of Korean Air Flight 801 in 1997 was attributed to the pilot's decision to land despite the junior officer's disagreement, while the crash of Avianca Flight 52 was caused by the failure to communicate critical low-fuel data between pilots and controllers, and by the failure of the controllers to ask the pilots if they were declaring an emergency and assist the pilots in landing the aircraft. In higher power cultures subordinates are less likely to question their superiors. ![]() ( February 2023)Ĭulture can affect aviation safety through its effect on how the flight crew deals with difficult situations cultures with lower power distances and higher levels of individuality can result in better aviation safety outcomes. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. ![]()
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